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Other Topics:
What is Motivation?
The Centrality of Motivation
Motivational States vs.
Motivational Traits
Motivation vs. Volition
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Other Motivational Constructs
Nature
of Human Motivation
Basic Motivation Concepts
Types of Needs
Achievement Motivation
Frustration and conflict
Early
Theories of Motivation
Hierarchy of Needs
Theory of X and Y
Contemporary
Theories of Motivation
ERG Theory
McClelland's Theory of Needs
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Goal-Setting Theory
Reinforcement Theory
Equity Theory
Expectancy Theory
Other
Theories of Motivation
Attribution Theory
Expectancy-Value Theory
Flow Theory
Two Factor Theory
Job Design Theory
Motivational
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The
venerable concept of drive (e.g., Bindra, 1968; Hull, 1952) remains an
important component of the motivational picture as an aroused internal
state that both invigorates mental and motor activity and modulates
the value of drive-related incentives. However, even Hull’s (1952)
theory supplemented it with incentive as a determinant of motivation,
and subsequent evidence (e.g., Bindra, 1968; Black, 1965, 1968, 1969,
1976; Black & Cox, 1973; Klinger, 1971; Tomkins, 1962) supported
the need for additional factors, or even just different factors, for
motivational prediction of everyday human behavior. Following
Bindra’s analysis, drive may be considered to perform two functions:
to activate and to modify, even if only temporarily, the values of
various incentives. Thus, both rats and people, when hungry, become
more restless and give heightened priority to getting something to
eat.
The
concept of need (e.g., Heckhausen, 1991; McClelland et al., 1953;
Murray, 1938) is similarly alive and well. It has evolved into a construct
that summarizes the value that an individual typically places on a certain
class of incentives (i.e., potential goals). For example, an individual who
places relatively high intrinsic value on achievement incentives, such as
winning races or intellectual contests or doing well in one’s work, is said
to have a high need for achievement. Thus, like drive, need in this sense
plays a role largely in relation to incentive value, which is a crucial
component in decision-making regarding which goals to pursue .
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